Refik anadol - The new Sphere in Las Vegas. READ. NEW EXHIBITION —. J’ Adore — AI Data Sculpture. NEW EXHIBITION A living retrospective, from the original love for Christian Dior's …

 
Apr 18, 2021 · Refik Anadol’s Quantum memories, 2020, draws upon a dataset of more than two hundred million nature-related images from the internet, which are processed usi... . Wndr

Nov 15, 2021 · Refik Anadol: Five years ago, I was very fortunate to be one of the artists in residence at the Google Artists and Machine Intelligence program. This was the moment of DeepDream ’s development, the very first time we were witnessing AI algorithms making an impact on the art and technology communities. Using data as his primary material, Refik Anadol creates AI data paintings and sculptures, live audio/visual performances and immersive installations that encourage us to rethink our engagement with the physical world and the potential of machines in assisting artists during their creative journeys. Anadol has exhibited widely around the world ... Machine Hallucinations – ISS Dreams transforms a vast data set of 1.2 million images captured from the International Space Stations (ISS), along with additional satellite images of Earth’s topology, into a dynamic data painting. Each version of the machine’s dream sequences is derived from a different generative adversarial network (GAN ...For AI to properly emulate human emotions the field must become more inclusive, machine-learning art pioneer Refik Anadol says in this interview. Known for his dreamlike, large-scale installations ...The exhibition’s eponymous, sublime AI Data Sculpture, Nature Dreams utilizes over 300 million publicly available photographs of nature collected between 2018- 2021 at Refik …May 13, 2022 · Refik Anadol is a media artist and director born in Istanbul, Turkey in 1985. Currently lives and works in Los Angeles, California. He is a lecturer and visiting researcher in UCLA’s Department of Design Media Arts.Feb 15, 2023 · This month, artist Refik Anadol brings the wild California landscape into one of L.A.’s premier gallery spaces. His show “Living Paintings” opens at Jeffrey Deitch on February 18th and features lush, dynamic digital canvases with brushstrokes made from data instead of oil or acrylic. Across LED screens, pixels and particles of marine and earthen hues swirl and …Nov 8, 2022 · Machine Hallucinations: Nature Dreams is a long-term research project by Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) at the intersections of architecture, Artificial Intelligence-based digital art, and environmental aesthetics.The artwork is an AI data sculpture that draws upon a dataset of more than 300 million publicly available nature-related images of flowers, trees, …For Seoul Haemong, Refik Anadol Studio collaborated with the DDP and City of Seoul to create a public art installation that showcased this otherwise uncontainable soul. Using the Zaha Hadid Architects’ DDP Building as a canvas, the performance collaborated with the mind of a machine to unearth the materiality of this structure and explore the ...Sep 13, 2022 · Refik Anadol wants to set visitors in a state of immersion, transcending traditional boundaries of observation and expanding perception. The dichotomy between surface and space, reality and fiction, physis and virtuality is dissolved. A joint project of the four museums in the Pinakothek der Moderne. Made possible by PIN.Last year, New York’s Museum of Modern Art anointed the Turkish artist and designer Refik Anadol as AI art’s avatar when his big-screen lobby installation “Unsupervised” attracted huge ...May 18, 2022 · The Turkish American artist Refik Anadol has been using data as the substance of his work for the better part of a decade. The former artist-in-residence at Google says developing new ideas ... 12 Nov 18. Bosphorus is a data sculpture inspired by high frequency radar data collections of Marmara Sea provided by Turkish State Meteorological Servicein every 30 minutes intervals. The data collection of 30 days long sea surface activity transformed into a poetic experience and visualized on a 12 meters by 3 meters long LED media wall.Generative AI artist Refik Anadol has showcased his latest AI artwork on a 40 metre x 20 metre 16K resolution video wall at an Nvidia conference. The Large Nature …Apr 19, 2020 · Refik Anadol is a multi-disciplinary media artist whose large-scale installations consider relations between art, technology, machine intelligence and architecture. Born 1985 in Turkey, Anadol has Masters in Fine Arts degrees from Istanbul Bilgi University and the University of California, Los Angeles, where he now lectures. ...REFIK ANADOL (19 articles) refik anadol is a media artist and director born in istanbul, turkey in 1985. anadol currently lives and works in los angeles, california. Mar 04, 2024.Refik Anadol, known for his installations blending art and technology, has unveiled a new work made using an artificial intelligence model he created at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.T he trick of Refik Anadol’s Machine Hallucinations, a three-day public art installation at The Shed in New York City, is to transform the processing of data into surreal hypnosis. The immersive ...Refik Anadol is a media artist, director and pioneer in data and machine intelligence aesthetics. His body of work positions creativity at the intersection of humans and machines; he takes the data surrounding us as his primary material to offer radical visualisations and expand possibilities of human experience itself, encouraging us to rethink our …The new Sphere in Las Vegas. READ. NEW EXHIBITION —. J’ Adore — AI Data Sculpture. NEW EXHIBITION A living retrospective, from the original love for Christian Dior's …Refik Anadolが制作する作品分野は「データ絵画」や「データ彫刻」とよばれる表現領域だ。どんなデータでも彼にとっては絵の具になり、彫刻をするための道具にもなるだろう。データを絵の具に、思考を筆代わりに――デジタルアートの先駆者・Refik Anadolの作品たちを見てみよう、 Refik Anadol 受到美术馆委托与之合作,使用机器智能算法搜索和分类170万个文档之间的关系。档案中的数据被转换为沉浸式媒体装置,重塑21世纪博物馆的记忆,历史和文化。让人们可以体验被图书包围的感觉,并与这些视觉资料元素进行实时互动。 Jul 31, 2021 · One of the worst things about the COVID-19 pandemic (apart from even typing those words) is the empowerment so many people felt in commenting on their baptismal dip into that great ontological swamp of representation: screen culture. Streamed gigs with visuals on par with watching a special indie section of Rage music videos in 1999. …Machine Hallucinations – ISS Dreams transforms a vast data set of 1.2 million images captured from the International Space Stations (ISS), along with additional satellite images of Earth’s topology, into a dynamic data painting. Each version of the machine’s dream sequences is derived from a different generative adversarial network (GAN ...For DATALAND, Refik Anadol Studio is building a groundbreaking initiative — the Large Nature Model, the world’s first open source, generative AI model dedicated to nature, trained on the most extensive, ethically collected dataset of the natural world.. We’re pioneering a unique approach by training our Large Nature Model algorithms on nature’s inherent …The Aether Project / Transmutating the Real and the Ethereal As a part of UCLA Department of Architecture and Urban Design (A.UD) advanced design studio course “Architectural Intelligence: Exploring Space as an Interactive Medium”, researchers Refik Anadol, Raman Mustafa, Julietta Gil and Farzad Mirshafiei created The Aether Project, an immersive interactive environment …Machine Hallucinations : Coral emerges from Refik Anadol Studio’s ongoing research project on data aesthetics based on collective visual memories of nature. For this unique, site-specific data sculpture designed for Art Basel Miami 2021, in collaboration with Aorist Art and Faena Hotel Miami Beach, and displayed on Miami Beach, Anadol and his ...Jan 16, 2024 · Refik Anadol, known for his installations blending art and technology, has unveiled a new work made using an artificial intelligence model he created at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Mar 12, 2024 · Image: Refik Anadol Studio. Powered by the NVIDIA DGX A100, the AI-generated art installation “Living Archive: Nature” will be on display at GTC 2024.Refik Anadol is well known for his use of technology in creating works of art to showcase the positive aspects of AI in research and pushing technological boundaries.Dec 12, 2023 · Triennial conversations. Commissioned by the NGV, Quantum memories 2020 is Refik Anadol’s most technically and conceptually ambitious work to date. The work explores the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and quantum computing to visualise an everchanging large-scale immersive multimedia artwork.Refik Anadol's work set the stage for the 2023 Grammy Awards. Photo courtesy of the artist. Music’s biggest stars turned out in force last night for the 65th Grammy Awards, where Beyoncé ...Feb 22, 2024 · Refik Anadol’s works at UK gallery. Turkish media artist Refik Anadol, who is living in the U.S., displays his digital works created with artificial intelligence in London at an exhibition titled "Echoes of the Earth: Living Archive." It is Anadol’s first major institutional solo exhibition in the U.K., which envelops viewers in immersive ...Sep 13, 2022 · Refik Anadol wants to set visitors in a state of immersion, transcending traditional boundaries of observation and expanding perception. The dichotomy between surface and space, reality and fiction, physis and virtuality is dissolved. A joint project of the four museums in the Pinakothek der Moderne. Made possible by PIN. 19 Dec 20. Exhibited on the largest LED screen that NGV has deployed to date, Quantum Memories is Refik Anadol Studio’s epic scale investigation of the intersection between Google AI Quantum Supremacyexperiments, machine learning, and aesthetics of probability. Technological and digital advancements of the past century could as well be ... 01 Jan 17 - On-going. Wind of Boston: Data Paintings is a site-specific work that turns the invisible patterns of wind in and around Boston into a series of poetic data paintings within a 6’ x 13’ digital canvas. By using a one-year data set … Refik Anadol predominantly works in the realm of site-specific public art, crafting meticulously collected data points into live visual performances and immersive installations. His works, in particular, examine the latent space between digital and physical things by combining AI, architecture, and multimedia. Jan 16, 2023 · 16 Jan 23 - 21 Jan 23. Artificial Realities: Coral presents Refik Anadol Studio’s ultimate visualization of years-long research on compiling a comprehensive dataset of coral images with the aim of raising awareness about climate change through art. This site-specific Data Sculpture on display at the World Economic Forum 2023 is inspired by ... Apr 19, 2020 · Refik Anadol is a multi-disciplinary media artist whose large-scale installations consider relations between art, technology, machine intelligence and architecture. Born 1985 in Turkey, Anadol has Masters in Fine Arts degrees from Istanbul Bilgi University and the University of California, Los Angeles, where he now lectures. ...Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is a media artist and director. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California, where he owns and operates Refik Anadol Studio. Anadol is also a lecturer and researcher for …Date. 30 Sep 15. ‘Virtual Depictions:San Francisco’ is a public art project consist of series of parametric data sculptures that tell the story of the city and people around us within a unique artistic approach for 350 Mission’s media wall in collaboration with Kilroy Realty Corporation / John Kilroy and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ...Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is the Director of Refik Anadol Studio in Los Angeles and Lecturer at UCLA’s Department of Design Media Arts from which he obtained a Master of Fine Arts. His works are included in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Istanbul Museum of Modern Art; and the National …Refik Anadol As an artist myself, I care deeply that the technologies and tools we make are empowering, and enable both creatives and broader society to thrive. Through conversations and working responsibly together with artists like Refik, I’m excited about how AI might open up new modalities, and the inspiring possibilities to come for ...Inspired by the architectural vision of a futuristic Los Angeles in "Blade Runner," media artist Refik Anadol melds art with artificial intelligence in his studio's collaborations with …19 Nov 22 - 29 Oct 23. Unsupervised is part of Machine Hallucinations, Refik Anadol Studio’s ongoing project exploring data aesthetics based on collective visual memories. …Refik Anadol is a new media artist, designer and pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence and dataset aesthetics. He focuses on projects that bridge human and machine perception. His works combine the possibilities of data visualization intertwined with neural networks. Refik Anadol explores the limits of recording memories or ...That’s Refik Anadol, the Turkey-born Los Angeles-based new media creative (though he considers himself a painter), who, for much of the past decade, has used data as paint and algorithms as ... Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is the Director of Refik Anadol Studio in Los Angeles and Lecturer at UCLA’s Department of Design Media Arts from which he obtained a Master of Fine Arts. His works are included in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Istanbul Museum of Modern Art; and the National Gallery ... Anadol, a Turkish-born, L.A.-based digital whiz (whose past partners include NASA), gets top billing, but he has a crucial collaborator: A.I. is generating the imagery, in real time, using as its ...Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is an internationally renowned media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of data and machine intelligence. He’s the Director of Refik Anadol Studio in Los Angeles and teaches at UCLA’s Department of Design Media Arts. Anadol’s work locates creativity at the intersection of humans and ...C- Concept. C1. Latent Being is a meditation on the convergence of AI, urban history, and collective memory. Composed of four chapters, Anadol’s installation turns the space into a temporary ecosystem. The city, the architecture and the visitors all become players in the performance. The audience find themselves walking through a dynamic ...Apr 18, 2021 · Refik Anadol’s Quantum memories, 2020, draws upon a dataset of more than two hundred million nature-related images from the internet, which are processed usi... Refik Anadol. Refik Anadol, born in 1985 in Istanbul, is an internationally renowned media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of data and machine intelligence. Anadol’s …Refik Anadol’s offering for the Centre Pompidou-Metz is the result of the artist’s long-term research projects at the intersection of architecture, environmental data, the aesthetics of probability, and Google’s and NASA’s experiments with artificial intelligence (Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab and AI Quantum Supremacy programmes). ...D3. Refik Anadol Studio’s most recent synesthetic reality experiments deeply engage with these centuries-old questions and attempt at revealing new connections between visual narrative, archival instinct and collective consciousness. The project focuses on latent cinematic experiences derived from representations of urban memories as they are ...Dec 2, 2023 · Refik Anadol and his team have established more than 20 permanent installations across the globe, primarily emphasizing public art. “We aim to continue producing worlds for humanity while exploring new methods of creating AI-driven paintings, sculptures, performances, installations, and more,” Anadol told Decrypt . Refik Anadol As an artist myself, I care deeply that the technologies and tools we make are empowering, and enable both creatives and broader society to thrive. Through conversations and working responsibly together with artists like Refik, I’m excited about how AI might open up new modalities, and the inspiring possibilities to come for ...ISTANBUL Apr 19, 2021 - 12:44 pm GMT+3. Exhibition view from Refik Anadol's “Machine Memoirs: Space” at Pilevneli Gallery in Istanbul, Turkey. (Courtesy of PILEVNELI) Discover the mesmerizing Istanbul exhibition of Refik Anadol by learning about the history of the media arts and diving into the machine-based visual speculations of the famed ... Refik Anadol predominantly works in the realm of site-specific public art, crafting meticulously collected data points into live visual performances and immersive installations. His works, in particular, examine the latent space between digital and physical things by combining AI, architecture, and multimedia. Refik Anadol’s offering for the Centre Pompidou-Metz is the result of the artist’s long-term research projects at the intersection of architecture, environmental data, the aesthetics of probability, and Google’s and NASA’s experiments with artificial intelligence (Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab and AI Quantum Supremacy programmes). ...REFIK ANADOL – NATURE DREAMS er første del af ARKENs treårige udstillingsrække NATURE FUTURE, der gennem kunsten sætter fokus på menneskets forhold til natur og teknologi, både nu og i fremtiden. Refik Anadol indleder med sine monumentale værker, hvor han forbinder data, kunstig intelligens og klassiske kunstgenrer som maleri og ...As Refik Anadol mentioned, the future of AI art may include interactive experiences that engage multiple senses, such as touch, taste, and smell. This …C- Concept. C1. Latent Being is a meditation on the convergence of AI, urban history, and collective memory. Composed of four chapters, Anadol’s installation turns the space into a temporary ecosystem. The city, the architecture and the visitors all become players in the performance. The audience find themselves walking through a dynamic ...Essential digital access to quality FT journalism on any device. All discounts based on monthly full price over contract term. Cancel subscription renewal anytime. SAVE 40% ON YEAR 1 $468 $279 for ...Anadol turned the data into hypnotically moving fluids shown on a 20-foot-tall LED screen. One theme of Anadol’s work is the symbiosis and tension between people and machines. The artist says ...Refik Anadol’s Infinite Space collection Includes: ARCHIVE DREAMING – an immersive media installation that employs machine learning algorithms to understand the relationships between archival materials from the SALT Research collections. Using 1,700,000 documents, interactions of the multidimensional data found in the archives are used to ...Refik Anadol. Refik Anadol, born in 1985 in Istanbul, is an internationally renowned media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of data and machine intelligence. Anadol’s …Watch Refik Anadol's "Living Architecture" mapping . WATCH THE MAKING OF . Nature and AI come together in a unique mapping . Sofia Crespo zooms in on the natural richness of Gaudí's facade to transport us to the future of art. Original soundtrack by generative composer Robert M. Thomas.6 days ago · Refik Anadol Biography. A frontrunner in contemporary media art, Refik Anadol is known for his use of advanced technologies including artificial intelligence, machine algorithms, and quantum computing to create immersive installations and sculpture works. Anadol is also the director of Refik Anadol Studio (RAS), a technology-driven art and ...Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is an internationally renowned media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of machine intelligence. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California, where he owns and operates Refik Anadol Studio and RAS LAB.Refik Anadol. Audio/Visual Artist and Designer, born in Istanbul, Turkey. Studied Visual Communication Design in Istanbul Bilgi University as a BA and MFA graduate. He is working in the fields of live audio/visual performance design and architectural photography, particularly his works explores the space among digital and physical by creating a ...Turkish-American new media artist and designer Refik Anadol, a magician at work, mesmerises the world almost under a spell as we witness visualisation of large data sets – an aesthetic narration of the invisible world. What we call, ‘The Anadol Effect’ captures the extravagance, grandeur and cutting-edge technology that surpasses human ...Jul 19, 2023 · For AI to properly emulate human emotions the field must become more inclusive, machine-learning art pioneer Refik Anadol says in this interview. Known for his dreamlike, large-scale installations ... Refik Anadol’s AI-generated art show opened this week at Jeffrey Deitch during Frieze. It’s the artist’s first major solo gallery exhibition in L.A. Feb. 18, 2023Refik Anadol通过EEG(脑电图)收集有关认知控制神经机制的数据,该数据可测量脑电波活动的变化并提供大脑随时间变化的功能的证据。 Refik Anadol的装置不仅解决了先进技术和艺术的生产问题,而且极大地关注了从古埃及人到《银翼杀手2049》的人类记忆研究。As Refik Anadol mentioned, the future of AI art may include interactive experiences that engage multiple senses, such as touch, taste, and smell. This …Refik Anadol (b. 1985, Istanbul, Turkey) is an internationally renowned media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of data and machine intelligence. He’s the Director of Refik Anadol Studio in Los Angeles and teaches at UCLA’s Department of Design Media Arts. Anadol’s work locates creativity at the intersection of humans and ...Nov 15, 2021 · Refik Anadol: Five years ago, I was very fortunate to be one of the artists in residence at the Google Artists and Machine Intelligence program. This was the moment of DeepDream ’s development, the very first time we were witnessing AI algorithms making an impact on the art and technology communities. Refik Anadol. Audio/Visual Artist and Designer, born in Istanbul, Turkey. Studied Visual Communication Design in Istanbul Bilgi University as a BA and MFA graduate. He is working in the fields of live audio/visual performance design and architectural photography, particularly his works explores the space among digital and physical by creating a ...한국에 Refik Anadol 주제로 블로그가 운영되고 있다는 사실이 놀랍다는 이야기를 종종 듣습니다. Refik Anadol을 열심히 관찰, 공부하고 있습니다. Refik의 행보는 실로 놀랍습니다. 어떤 파급력을 가지고 올지 너무 기대됩니다. 실행이 옮기고 있습니다. 아직 갈 …Aug 31, 2023 · Refik Anadol is a visionary media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of machine intelligence. He uses large collections of public data and machine learning algorithms to create ...

(Refik Anadol Studio) The theme of this exhibition seems to be making the ephemeral visible, whether that’s weather patterns conveyed in abstract patterns or human emotions cast in physical .... Urbanspace

refik anadol

The ecosystem around NVIDIA’s technologies has always been verdant — but this is absurd. After a stunning premiere at the World Economic Forum in Davos, …Dec 20, 2022 · Refik Anadol. Dec 20, 2022. Unsupervised, Refik Anadol’s current installation at The Museum of Modern Art, ponders what a machine might dream about after seeing more than 200 years of art in MoMA’s collection. Anadol uses artificial intelligence to interpret and transform the Museum’s data set—to create new forms that could exist in the ... Oct 11, 2023 · Refik Anadol’s generative artwork Unsupervised—Machine Hallucinations—MoMA, 2022, on view at New York’s Museum of Modern Art since late last year, will become the institution’s permanent property, thanks to a joint gift by tech entrepreneur and digital art collector Ryan Zurrer, through his 1OF1 Collection, and the RFC Collection, led by Pablo Rodriguez …But without it, we go nowhere” in an episode of his TV show "Cosmos" in 1980. Some 40 years after this statement, media artist Refik Anadol draws attention to the inevitability of imagining by creating poetic metaphors with unseen space data for the sake of public art in his “Machine Memoirs: Space” in Istanbul’s Pilevneli Gallery.Feb 25, 2023 · Refik Anadol 受到美术馆委托与之合作,使用机器智能算法搜索和分类170万个文档之间的关系。档案中的数据被转换为沉浸式媒体装置,重塑21世纪博物馆的记忆,历史和文化。让人们可以体验被图书包围的感觉,并与这些视觉资料元素进行实时互动。Refik Anadol was born in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1985, earned a Master of Fine Arts Degree from Bilgi University in his home city and then moved to California. He is now a world-famous media artist, director, and pioneer in the aesthetics of machine intelligence. At his studio in Los Angeles, Anadol researches and develops trailblazing approaches ...But without it, we go nowhere” in an episode of his TV show "Cosmos" in 1980. Some 40 years after this statement, media artist Refik Anadol draws attention to the inevitability of imagining by creating poetic metaphors with unseen space data for the sake of public art in his “Machine Memoirs: Space” in Istanbul’s Pilevneli Gallery.Το Refik Anadol Studio αποτελείται από καλλιτέχνες, αρχιτέκτονες, επιστήμονες δεδομένων και ερευνητές με διαφορετικές επαγγελματικές και προσωπικές καταβολές, οι οποίοι ενστερνίζονται τις αρχές ...Anadol, a Turkish-born, L.A.-based digital whiz (whose past partners include NASA), gets top billing, but he has a crucial collaborator: A.I. is generating the imagery, in real time, using as its ...Jan 20, 2023 · Refik Anadol Studio Design Services Los Angeles, California 9,049 followers Art & design studio that explores the intersection of media arts and architecture through machine intelligence and data.Aug 31, 2023 · Digital artist Refik Anadol’s next canvas? The world’s largest LED screen. Anadol will take over the exterior of the soon-to-debut Sphere in Las Vegas, a glowing, 366-foot-tall, globe-shaped ... 19 Dec 20. Exhibited on the largest LED screen that NGV has deployed to date, Quantum Memories is Refik Anadol Studio’s epic scale investigation of the intersection between Google AI Quantum Supremacyexperiments, machine learning, and aesthetics of probability. Technological and digital advancements of the past century could as well be ... Jan 16, 2024 · Refik Anadol Studio has announced the creation of the “world’s first open-source generative AI model dedicated to nature.” Titled 'Large Nature Model,' the model is trained “solely on nature’s inherent intelligence” as opposed to the conventional approach to AI large language model training, which consists of human-generated data such as art …Jun 10, 2021 · For Refik Anadol, 36, from Turkey, author of breathtaking installations around the world, it's data. Immense, complex, trillions of data that he uses to imagine languages and scenarios. Refik Anadol shapes the infosphere with machine learning to make the virtual world dialogue with physical space. For him, technology is not just performance and ...Refik Anadol’s Infinite Space collection Includes: ARCHIVE DREAMING – an immersive media installation that employs machine learning algorithms to understand the relationships between archival materials from the SALT Research collections. Using 1,700,000 documents, interactions of the multidimensional data found in the archives are used to ...Refik Anadol As an artist myself, I care deeply that the technologies and tools we make are empowering, and enable both creatives and broader society to thrive. Through conversations and working responsibly together with artists like Refik, I’m excited about how AI might open up new modalities, and the inspiring possibilities to come for ...Cirrostratus. Cirrostratus is a three dimensional parametric public artwork that explores the intersection of the digital, analogue, and natural worlds. The design of Cirrostratus is inspired by punched cards which existed from the invention of computer programming languages up until the mid-1980’s. Most early computer programmers created ....

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